G. Burghouwt and R. Redondi, Connectivity in Air Transport Networks: An Assessment of Models and Applications, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.47, pp.35-53, 2013.

G. Burghouwt, J. De, and W. , Temporal Configurations of European Airline Networks, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.11, issue.3, pp.185-98, 2005.

,

J. F. Campbell and M. E. O'kelly, Twenty-Five Years of Hub Location Research, Transportation Science, vol.46, issue.2, pp.153-69, 2012.

R. B. Cattell, The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors, Multivariate Behavioral Research, vol.1, issue.2, pp.245-76, 1966.

D. W. Caves, R. Laurits, M. W. Christensen, and . Tretheway, Economies of Density versus Economies of Scale: Why Trunk and Local Service Airline Costs Differ, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.15, issue.4, pp.471-89, 1984.

A. Cento, The Airline Industry: Challenges in the 21st Century, 2008.

A. Chatterjee, M. Manohar, and G. Ramadurai, Statistical Analysis of Bus Networks in India, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.12, 2016.

F. Ciliberto and J. W. Williams, Limited Access to Airport Facilities and Market Power in the Airline Industry, Journal of Law and Economics, vol.53, issue.3, pp.467-495, 2010.

A. Cook, A. P. Henk, F. Blom, R. N. Lillo, S. Mantegna et al., Applying Complexity Science to Air Traffic Management, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.42, pp.149-58, 2015.

D. Rocha and E. C. Luis, Structural Evolution of the Brazilian Airport Network, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, issue.04, p.4020, 2009.

R. Diestel, Graph Theory, 2006.

W. Du, X. Zhou, Z. Oriol-lordan-gonzález, C. Wang, Y. Zhao et al., Analysis of the Chinese Airline Network as Multi-Layer Networks, Transportation Research. Part E, Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.89, pp.108-124, 2016.

,

S. Dunn and S. M. Wilkinson, Increasing the Resilience of Air Traffic Networks Using a Network Graph Theory Approach, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.90, pp.39-50, 2016.

H. Kaiser, The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.20, pp.141-51, 1960.

X. Fageda and R. Flores-fillol, How Do Airlines React to Airport Congestion? The Role of Networks, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.56, pp.73-81, 2016.

R. Flores-fillol, Airline Competition and Network Structure, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.43, issue.10, pp.966-83, 2009.

I. K. Fodor, A Survey of Dimension Reduction Techniques, 2002.

S. Forbes, M. Januszewski, and . Lederman, Adaptation and Vertical Integration in the Airline Industry, The American Economic Review, vol.99, issue.5, pp.1831-1880, 2009.

A. Gautreau, A. Barrat, and M. Barthélemy, Microdynamics in Stationary Complex Networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.22, pp.8847-8852, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00337925

A. Ghobrial, An Aggregate Demand Model for Domestic Airlines, Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol.26, issue.2, pp.105-124, 1992.

D. Gillen, H. Hasheminia, and C. Jiang, Strategic Considerations behind the Network-Regional Airline Tie Ups -A Theoretical and Empirical Study, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.72, pp.93-111, 2015.

T. H. Grubesic, C. Timothy, M. A. Matisziw, and . Zook, Spatio-Temporal Fluctuations in the Global Airport Hierarchies, Airline Industry Liberalization, vol.71, issue.1, pp.264-75, 2008.

,

K. Hadri, Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data, The Econometrics Journal, vol.3, issue.2, pp.148-61, 2000.

A. Háznagy, I. Fi, A. London, and T. Nemeth, Complex Network Analysis of Public Transportation Networks: A Comprehensive Study, 2015.

K. Hendricks, M. Piccione, and G. Tan, Entry and Exit in Hub-Spoke Networks, RAND Journal of Economics, vol.28, pp.291-303, 1997.

D. Jarach, F. Zerbini, and G. Miniero, When Legacy Carriers Converge with Low-Cost Carriers: Exploring the Fusion of European Airline Business Models through a Case-Based Analysis, Journal of Air Transport Management -J AIR TRANSP MANAG, vol.15, pp.287-93, 2009.

I. T. Jolliffe, Principal Component Analysis, 2002.

R. Klophaus, R. D. Conrady, and F. Fichert, Low Cost Carriers Going Hybrid: Evidence from Europe, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.23, pp.54-58, 2012.

J. Lansangan, G. Ryan, and E. B. Barrios, Principal Components Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series Data, Statistics and Computing, vol.19, issue.2, p.173, 2008.

M. Lederman, Are Frequent-Flyer Programs a Cause of the 'Hub Premium'?, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, vol.17, issue.1, pp.35-66, 2008.

D. Lee and M. , The Impact of Passenger Mix on Reported" Hub Premiums" in the US Airline Industry, Southern Economic Journal, pp.372-394, 2005.

A. Levin, C. Lin, and C. Chu, Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, vol.108, issue.1, pp.98-105, 2002.

M. Levine, Regulation and the Nature of the Firm: The Case of U.S. Regional Airlines, 2011.

O. Lordan and J. M. Sallan, Analyzing the Multilevel Structure of the European Airport Network, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol.30, issue.2, 2017.

P. Malighetti, G. Martini, R. Redondi, and D. Scotti, Integrators' Air Transport Networks in Europe, Networks and Spatial Economics, 2018.

,

J. Martín, A. Carlos, and . Voltes-dorta, Theoretical Evidence of Existing Pitfalls in Measuring Hubbing Practices in Airline Networks, Networks and Spatial Economics, vol.8, issue.2-3, pp.161-81, 2008.

C. Mayer and T. Sinai, Network Effects, Congestion Externalities, and Air Traffic Delays: Or Why Not All Delays Are Evil, American Economic Review, vol.93, pp.1194-1215, 2003.

G. Nero, A Note on the Competitive Advantage of Large Hub-and-Spoke Networks, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.35, issue.4, pp.11-14, 1999.

M. E. O'kelly, Global Airline Networks: Comparative Nodal Access Measures, Spatial Economic Analysis, vol.11, issue.3, pp.253-75, 2016.

E. Pels, P. Nijkamp, and P. Rietveld, A Note on the Optimality of Airline Networks, Economics Letters, vol.69, issue.3, pp.317-324, 2000.

M. Pesaran and . Hashem, A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, vol.22, issue.2, pp.265-312, 2007.

A. Reggiani, P. Nijkamp, and A. Cento, Connectivity and Competition in Airline Networks, The Network Experience, pp.141-63, 2009.

A. Reggiani, S. Signoretti, P. Nijkamp, and A. Cento, Network Measures in Civil Air Transport: A Case Study of Lufthansa, Networks, Topology and Dynamics, pp.257-82, 2009.

A. Reynolds, Traffic Distribution in Low-Cost and Full-Service Carrier Networks in the US Air Transport Market, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.7, pp.21-28, 2001.

. Reynolds-feighan and J. Aisling, The Impact of U.S. Airline Deregulation on Airport Traffic Patterns, Geographical Analysis, vol.30, issue.3, pp.234-53, 1998.

M. S. Ryerson and H. Kim, The Impact of Airline Mergers and Hub Reorganization on Aviation Fuel Consumption, Journal of Cleaner Production, Special, vol.31, pp.395-407, 2013.

H. Silva, E. Verhoef, V. Van-den, and . Berg, Airline Route Structure Competition and Network Policy, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.67, pp.320-343, 2014.

X. Sun, V. Gollnick, and S. Wandelt, Robustness Analysis Metrics for Worldwide Airport Network: A Comprehensive Study, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol.30, issue.2, pp.500-512, 2017.

K. M. Tan and A. Samuel, The Effect of De-Hubbing on Airfares, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.50, pp.45-52, 2016.

,

. Trapote-barreira, A. César, F. Deutschmann, and . Robusté, Managing Airlines: The Cost of Complexity, Transportation Research Procedia, vol.18, pp.297-304, 2016.

,

S. Wandelt and X. Sun, Evolution of the International Air Transportation Country Network from 2002 to 2013, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.82, 2015.

J. Wang, H. Mo, F. Wang, and F. Jin, Exploring the Network Structure and Nodal Centrality of China's Air Transport Network: A Complex Network Approach, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.19, issue.4, pp.712-733, 2011.

O. Wojahn, Airline Network Structure and the Gravity Model, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.37, issue.00, pp.26-26, 2001.

M. Zanin and F. Lillo, Modelling the Air Transport with Complex Networks: A Short Review, European Physical Journal Special Topics, vol.215, issue.1, pp.5-21, 2013.

L. Zhu and J. Luo, The Evolution Analysis of Guangzhou Subway Network by Complex Network Theory, Procedia Engineering, Green Intelligent Transportation System and Safety, vol.137, pp.186-95, 2016.

, Eigenvectors (PCA on difference variables for, 2005.