]. E. Aarts and J. K. Lenstra, Local search in combinatorial optimization, 1997.

A. Agustín, A. Alonso-ayuso, L. F. Escudero, and C. Pizarro, Mathematical optimization models for air traffic flow management: A review, Combinatorial Optimization in Practice, pp.141-184, 2010.

A. Agustín, A. Alonso-ayuso, L. F. Escudero, and C. Pizarro, On air traffic flow management with rerouting. Part I: Deterministic case, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.219, issue.1, pp.156-166, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejor.2011.12.021

A. V. Aho, J. E. Hopcroft, and J. D. Ullman, Data Structures and Algorithms, 1983.

A. Akgunduz, B. Jaumard, and G. Moeini, Non-time indexed modeling for en-route flight planning with speed-fuel consumption trade-off, ISIATM 2013, the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Science for Innovative Air Traffic Management, p.2013

S. Alam, K. Shafi, H. A. Abbass, and M. Barlow, An ensemble approach for conflict detection in Free Flight by data mining, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol.17, issue.3, pp.298-317, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trc.2008.12.002

C. Allignol, N. Barnier, and A. Gondran, Optimized vertical separation in Europe, DASC 2012, the 31st IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, pp.4-7, 2012.

J. Alliot, J. Bosc, N. Durand, and L. Maugis, CATS: A Complete Air Traffic Simulator, 16th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Reflections to the Future. Proceedings, pp.8-10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/DASC.1997.637271
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00937713

A. Alonso-ayuso, L. F. Escudero, and F. J. Martín-campo, Collision Avoidance in Air Traffic Management: A Mixed-Integer Linear Optimization Approach, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.12, issue.1, pp.47-57, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/TITS.2010.2061971

G. Andreatta, L. Brunetta, and G. Guastalla, The flow management problem: recent computational algorithms, Control Engineering Practice, vol.6, issue.6, pp.727-733, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0967-0661(98)00078-1

G. Andreatta, A. R. Odoni, and O. Richetta, Models for the Ground Holding Problem, Large Scale Computation and Information Processing in Air Traffic Control, pp.125-168, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-84980-0_5

G. Andreatta and G. Romanin-jacur, Aircraft Flow Management under Congestion, Transportation Science, vol.21, issue.4, pp.249-253, 1987.
DOI : 10.1287/trsc.21.4.249

. Anonymous, Worldwide market forecast for commercial air transport 2010-2029, 2010.

M. A. Arostegui, S. N. Kadipasaoglu, and B. M. Khumawala, An empirical comparison of Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, and Genetic Algorithms for facilities location problems, International Journal of Production Economics, vol.103, issue.2, pp.742-754, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpe.2005.08.010

N. Barnier and C. , 4D -trajectory deconfliction through departure time adjustment, ATM 2009, the 8th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/s0269888912000227
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938231

N. Barnier and C. , Combining flight level allocation with ground holding to optimize 4D-deconfliction, ATM 2011, the 9th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938500

N. Barnier and P. Brisset, Graph Coloring for Air Traffic Flow Management, Annals of Operations Research, vol.130, issue.1-4, pp.163-178, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:ANOR.0000032574.01332.98
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938022

A. Ben-tal, L. Ghaoui, and A. Nemirovski, Robust optimization, 2009.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400831050

A. Ben-tal and A. Nemirovski, Robust Convex Optimization, Mathematics of Operations Research, vol.23, issue.4, pp.769-805, 1998.
DOI : 10.1287/moor.23.4.769

A. Ben-tal and A. Nemirovski, Robust solutions of uncertain linear programs, Operations Research Letters, vol.25, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6377(99)00016-4

D. Bertsimas, D. B. Brown, and C. Caramanis, Theory and Applications of Robust Optimization, SIAM Review, vol.53, issue.3, pp.464-501, 2011.
DOI : 10.1137/080734510

D. Bertsimas, G. Lulli, and A. Odoni, The Air Traffic Flow Management Problem: An Integer Optimization Approach, Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, pp.34-46, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-68891-4_3

D. Bertsimas, G. Lulli, and A. Odoni, An Integer Optimization Approach to Large-Scale Air Traffic Flow Management, Operations Research, vol.59, issue.1, pp.211-227, 2011.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.1100.0899

D. Bertsimas and S. Patterson, The Air Traffic Flow Management Problem with Enroute Capacities, Operations Research, vol.46, issue.3, pp.406-422, 1998.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.46.3.406

H. Beyer and B. Sendhoff, Robust optimization ??? A comprehensive survey, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.196, issue.33-34, pp.33-343190, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cma.2007.03.003

C. E. Bichot, METAHEURISTICS VERSUS SPECTRAL AND MULTILEVEL METHODS APPLIED ON AN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PROBLEM, 12th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, pp.493-498, 2006.
DOI : 10.3182/20060517-3-FR-2903.00258

C. Blum, M. Aguilera, A. Roli, and M. Sampels, Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Emerging Approach to Optimization, 2008.

C. Blum and A. Roli, Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Introduction
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-78295-7_1

S. Cafieri and N. Durand, Aircraft deconfliction with speed regulation: new models from mixed-integer optimization, Journal of Global Optimization, vol.3, issue.1, pp.613-629, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10898-013-0070-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00935215

S. Chaimatanan, D. Delahaye, and M. Mongeau, A methodology for strategic planning of aircraft trajectories using simulated annealing, ISIATM 2012, the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Science for Innovative Air Traffic Management
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00912772

S. Chaimatanan, D. Delahaye, and M. Mongeau, Strategic deconfliction of aircraft trajectories, ISIATM 2013, the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Science for Innovative Air Traffic Management, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00868450

S. Constans, B. Fontaine, and R. Fondacci, Minimizing potential conflict quantity with speed control, The 4th Eurocontrol Innovative Research Workshop And Exhibition, pp.265-274, 2005.

D. Delahaye, C. Peyronne, M. Mongeau, and S. Puechmorel, Aircraft conflict resolution by genetic algorithm and B-spline approximation, EIWAC 2010, the 2nd ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS, pp.71-78, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00956473

D. Delahaye and S. Puechmorel, 3D airspace sectoring by evolutionary computation, Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation , GECCO '06, pp.1637-1644, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1143997.1144267
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004146

D. Delahaye and S. Puechmorel, 3D airspace design by evolutionary computation, 2008 IEEE/AIAA 27th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, pp.3-6, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/DASC.2008.4702803
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938409

D. Delahaye and S. Puechmorel, Air traffic complexity based on dynamical systems, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp.2069-2074, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/CDC.2010.5718004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938405

D. Delahaye and S. Puechmorel, Modeling and Optimization of Air Traffic, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118743805
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00924311

D. Delahaye, S. Puechmorel, P. Tsiotras, and E. Feron, Mathematical Models for Aircraft Trajectory Design: A Survey, Air Traffic Management and Systems, pp.205-247, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-4-431-54475-3_12
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913243

N. Dougui, D. Delahaye, and M. Mongeau, A new method for generating optimal conflict free 4D trajectory, The 4th International conference on research in air transportation, pp.185-191, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938711

N. Dougui, D. Delahaye, S. Puechmorel, and M. Mongeau, A light-propagation model for aircraft trajectory planning, Journal of Global Optimization, vol.7, issue.2, pp.873-895, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10898-012-9896-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00935210

G. Dowek and C. Munoz, Conflict Detection and Resolution for 1,2,... N Aircraft, 7th AIAA ATIO Conf, 2nd CEIAT Int'l Conf on Innov and Integr in Aero Sciences,17th LTA Systems Tech Conf; followed by 2nd TEOS Forum, 2007.
DOI : 10.2514/6.2007-7737

J. Dreo, A. Petrowski, P. Siarry, and E. Taillard, Metaheuristics for hard optimization, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01341683

N. Durand, C. Allignol, and N. Barnier, A ground holding model for aircraft deconfliction, 29th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, pp.2-3
DOI : 10.1109/DASC.2010.5655481
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938499

N. Durand and J. Alliot, Ant colony optimization for air traffic conflict resolution, ATM 2009, the 8th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01293554

N. Durand and J. B. Gotteland, Genetic Algorithms Applied to Air Traffic Management, Metaheuristics for Hard Optimization, pp.277-306, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-30966-7_10
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01291429

M. Ehrgott, Multicriteria optimization, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-22199-0

E. Elbeltagi, T. Hegazy, and D. Grierson, Comparison among five evolutionary-based optimization algorithms, Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol.19, issue.1, pp.43-53, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aei.2005.01.004

H. Erzberger and R. A. Paielli, Conflict prediction and resolution in the presence of prediction error, The 1st USA, 1997.

D. Gianazza and N. Durand, Separating air traffic flows by allocating 3D-trajectories, The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576), pp.2-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391275
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938063

M. Guanglei and Q. Fei, Flight conflict resolution for civil aviation based on ant colony optimization, The 5th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID), pp.239-241, 2012.

R. Hoffman and M. O. Ball, A Comparison of Formulations for the Single-Airport Ground-Holding Problem with Banking Constraints, Operations Research, vol.48, issue.4, pp.578-590, 2000.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.48.4.578.12417

I. Hwang and C. E. Seah, Intent-based probabilistic conflict detection for the next generation air transportation system, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.2040-2059, 2008.

M. R. Jardin, Real-time conflict-free trajectory optimization, ATM 2003, the 5th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2003.

M. R. Jardin, Towards Real Time En Route Air Traffic Control Optimization, 2003.

A. Joulia and C. L. Tallec, Aircraft 4D contract based operation: The 4DCo-GC project, 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, 2012.
DOI : 10.2514/6.2011-6859

S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, Optimization by Simulated Annealing, Science, vol.220, issue.4598, pp.671-680, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.220.4598.671

J. Knopman and J. S. Aude, Parallel simulated annealing: an adaptive approach, Proceedings 11th International Parallel Processing Symposium, p.522, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/IPPS.1997.580950
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.95.1627

J. K. Kuchar and L. C. Yang, Survey of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods, Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, pp.1388-1397, 1997.
DOI : 10.2514/6.1997-3732

J. K. Kuchar and L. C. Yang, A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.1, issue.4, pp.179-189, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/6979.898217

S. M. Lavalle, Planning algorithms, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511546877

A. S. Lewis, Robust regularization, 2002.

Z. Li and C. A. Floudas, Robust counterpart optimization: Uncertainty sets, formulations and probabilistic guarantees, Proceedings of the 6th conference on Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Operations, 2012.
DOI : 10.1021/ie201651s
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544168

J. Lohn and J. Rios, A comparison of optimization approaches for nationwide traffic flow management, AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, 2009.

G. Lulli and A. R. Odoni, The European Air Traffic Flow Management Problem, Transportation Science, vol.41, issue.4, pp.431-443, 2007.
DOI : 10.1287/trsc.1070.0214

P. M. , J. Hu, J. Lygeros, and S. Sastry, A probabilistic approach to aircraft conflict detection, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation System, vol.1, issue.4, pp.199-220, 2007.

N. Metropolis, A. W. Rosenbluth, M. N. Rosenbluth, A. H. Teller, and E. Teller, Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1087-1092, 1953.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1699114

Z. Michalewicz, Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-02830-8

X. Min, Airspace sector redesign based on Voronoi diagrams, Journal of Aerospace Computing Information and Communication, vol.6, pp.624-634, 2009.

M. S. Nolan, Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. Cengage learning, 2011.

A. R. Odoni, The Flow Management Problem in Air Traffic Control, Flow Control of Congested Networks, pp.269-288, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-86726-2_17

A. R. Odoni, Issues in air traffic flow management, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol.198, pp.43-63, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0023009

S. Oussedik, Application de l'Evolution artificielle auxprobì emes de congestion du trafic aérien, 2000.

S. Oussedik and D. Delahaye, Reduction of air traffic congestion by genetic algorithms, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature ? PPSN V, pp.855-864, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0056927
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01018427

M. Ozgur and A. Cavcar, 0???1 integer programming model for procedural separation of aircraft by ground holding in ATFM, Aerospace Science and Technology, vol.33, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ast.2013.12.009

C. H. Papadimitriou and K. Steiglitz, Combinatorial Optimization: Algorithms and Complexity, 1982.

T. Prevot, S. Shelden, and J. Mercer, ATM concept integrating trajectory-orientation and airborne separation assistance in the presence of time-based traffic flow management, 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference Proceedings (Cat No 03CH37449) DASC-03, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/DASC.2003.1245865

O. Richetta, Optimal Algorithms and a Remarkably Efficient Heuristic for the Ground-Holding Problem in Air Traffic Control, Operations Research, vol.43, issue.5, pp.758-770, 1995.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.43.5.758

J. Rios and J. Lohn, A Comparison of Optimization Approaches for Nationwide Traffic Flow Management, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, 2009.
DOI : 10.2514/6.2009-6010

H. D. Sherali and J. M. Hill, Configuration of airspace sectors for balancing air traffic controller workload, Annals of Operations Research, vol.40, issue.2, pp.1-29, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10479-011-0837-z

G. Taguchi, Quality Engineering through Design Optimization, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-1472-1_5

E. Talbi, Metaheuristics: From Design to Implementation, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470496916
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00750681

M. Terrab and A. R. Odoni, Strategic Flow Management for Air Traffic Control, Operations Research, vol.41, issue.1, pp.138-152, 1993.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.41.1.138

J. Tian and H. Xu, Optimizing arrival flight delay scheduling based on simulated annealing algorithm, Physics Procedia International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.33, issue.0, pp.348-353, 2012.

H. H. Toebben, C. L. Tallec, A. Joulia, J. Speidel, and C. Edinger, Innovative future air transport system: Simulation of a fully automated ATS, 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, 2008.

]. V. Cern´ycern´y, Thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: An efficient simulation algorithm, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol.87, issue.451, pp.41-51, 1985.

P. B. Vranas, J. Bertsimas, and A. R. Odoni, The Multi-Airport Ground-Holding Problem in Air Traffic Control, Operations Research, vol.42, issue.2, pp.249-261, 1994.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.42.2.249

L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets, Information and Control, vol.8, issue.3, pp.338-353, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X

Z. Zhan, J. Zhang, and Y. Li, An Efficient Ant Colony System Based on Receding Horizon Control for the Aircraft Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling Problem, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.11, issue.2, pp.399-412, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/TITS.2010.2044793